[30], He is also attributed with having brought the cacao plant from a sacred mountain to the Toltec people, teaching the women how to make traditional drinking chocolate.[31]. Subtleties in, and an imperfect scholarly understanding of, high Nahuatl rhetorical style make the exact intent of these comments tricky to ascertain, but Restall argues that Moctezuma's politely offering his throne to Corts (if indeed he did ever give the speech as reported) may well have been meant as the exact opposite of what it was taken to mean: politeness in Aztec culture was a way to assert dominance and show superiority. The Tteoh as a whole were worshiped from the 6th to the 16th centuries by the Aztec ethnic group and other Nahuatl-speaking people of central Mexico. Represented as the plumed serpent, Quetzalcoatl was also seen as manifest in the wind, one of the most powerful forces of nature; a text in the Nahuatl language captures this relationship: Quetzalcoatl; yn ehecatl ynteiacancauh yntlachpancauh in tlaloque, yn aoaque, yn qujqujiauhti. The legend of Quetzalcoatl is spoofed in the Adult Swim CGI series Xavier: Renegade Angel. In the post-classic Nahua civilization of central Mexico (Aztec), the worship of Quetzalcoatl was ubiquitous. His representation of heaven and hell is also interpreted in different realms. Quetzalcoatls quarrels with his brother Tezcatlipoca sometimes brought about these destructions of the world. He also has red and green feathers around his head and back. In the era following the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, a number of records conflated Quetzalcoatl with Ce Acatl Topiltzin, a ruler of the mythico-historic city of Tollan. Quetzalcoatl's opposite was Tezcatlipoca, who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile. While drunk, Quetzalcoatl seduced his sister, a celibate priestess. Quetzalcoatls twin, Xolotl, was a god associated with death. Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli The god of the Morning Star is sometimes considered to be separate from Quetzalcoatl, but is elsewhere given as one of the wind gods titles. His job was to protect the sun from the dangers of the underworld. The gods powers extended beyond the wind, however. Minster, Christopher. Over more than a thousand years, a similar god was worshipped by virtually every one of Mesoamericas related cultures. Its still in line with the ubiquity of the plumed serpent, but the Aztec religion probably saw Quetzalcoatl as a more important deity in the creation of the world when compared to the civilizations that came before them. The Name Quetzalcoatl However, Quetzalcoatl was already worshiped well before the Aztecs reigned over the area we know today as Mesoamerica. He appears in Post-classic tales from the Maya, Toltec, and Aztec cultures. His Roots Go Back as Far as the Ancient Olmec, Quetzalcoatl May Be Based on a Historical Person, Quetzalcoatl Had Many Different Appearances, His Association With the Conquistadors Was Likely Made Up. The legend reports that Quetzalcoatl was a peaceful king and priest of Tollan, but he was deceived by Tezcatlipoca and his followers, who practiced human sacrifice and violence. Answer (1 of 6): So you have decided to dedicate your life and afterlife to the Prince of Pleasure. Where once feathered snakes were worshiped all over, after the Spanish conquest the locals were forced into worshiping Jesus Christ. In another, they worked together to tear apart a monster called Tlaltcuhtli and create the land and its features from her body. Mainly because they thought one of them was the reincarnation of the beloved god discussed in this article. The Toltecs and Nahuas worshiped the god before he was eventually adopted by the Aztecs. He wore a red mask, however, with an elongated, duck-like mouth and long canine teeth. In mythology, he is a gentle god who loves peace, and it is said that he bestowed many blessings to the humans. You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs; may our lords come on earth. The south is represented by Huitzilopochtli who is the Blue Tezcatlipoca and the god of war. READ MORE: Sun Gods: Ancient Solar Deities From Around the World. Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons. [citation needed], In the Codex Chimalpopoca, it is said Quetzalcoatl was coerced by Tezcatlipoca into becoming drunk on pulque, cavorting with his older sister, Quetzalpetlatl, a celibate priestess, and neglecting their religious duties. Historian Matthew Restall concludes that: The legend of the returning lords, originated during the Spanish-Mexica war in Corts' reworking of Moctezuma's welcome speech, had by the 1550s merged with the Corts-as-Quetzalcoatl legend that the Franciscans had started spreading in the 1530s. Round monuments occur particularly often in Huastec territory. Today he is known best as Quetzalcoatl, the name he was worshipped by in the Aztec culture. Along with one of his brothers, he was instructed by his parents to create the world six hundred years after his birth. Each age of the world was given a new sun, and the world was on its Fifth Sun, having been destroyed four times previously. [9] In Mazatec legends the astrologer deity Tlahuizcalpanteuctli, who is also represented by Venus, bears a close relationship with Quetzalcoatl. These were part of the Nahua culture, which included both these states and other independent ethnic groups in central Mexico. Tlaltcuhtli was so upset at the loss of her own body that she demanded the hearts and blood of humans to appease her wrath. In the iconography of the classic period, Maya serpent imagery is also prevalent: a snake often appears as the embodiment of the sky itself, and a vision serpent is a shamanic helper presenting Maya kings with visions of the underworld. Mayans had deities with feathered serpent as their names. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice. Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. The most astonishing aspect of their worship, at least to the Spaniards, was their habit of human sacrifice . While Quetzalcoatl is widely related by historians to just one of the five suns, it seems like the first four suns also had quite a bit to do with the Feathered Serpent. Aztec Gods Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. Montezuma's failure to act has been attributed to his belief that Cortes was none other than Quetzalcoatl, who had once gone away to the east, promising to return. Well, not all of them, but some do. Quetzalcoatl was also associated with Venus, the Morning Star, and thus the dawn. And when the wind rose, when the dust rumbled, and it crack and there was a great din, became it became dark and the wind blew in many directions, and it thundered; then it was said: "[Quetzalcoatl] is wrathful. [25] Quetzalcoatl was often considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xolotl was the evening star (Venus). As a god, its only logical that such reincarnations would be for the betterment of the earth and its people. [20] Historian Enrique Florescano - also analyzing Teotihuacan iconography - argues that the Feathered Serpent was part of a triad of agricultural deities: The feathered serpent was furthermore connected to the planet Venus because of this planet's importance as a sign of the beginning of the rainy season. Of course, the odd one out sparked the interest of Tlaloc. Quetzalcoatl's opposite was Tezcatlipoca, who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile. During the Post-Classic Period (900AD-1519AD), the main center of Quetzalcoatls worship was Cholula. [22] A third story narrates that Chimalman was hit in the womb by an arrow shot by Mixcoatl and nine months later she gave birth to a child which was called Quetzalcoatl. . (Many academics conclude this passage implies incest.) . This is what you have to look forward to- Initially, you will notice that you can find pleasure in new and sometimes bizarre places. "9 Facts About Quetzalcoatl." Table of Contents [ hide] Etymology and Archaeology The city of Cholula, in particular, was known for the importance it laid on the deity of the feathered serpent. In the Maya area he was approximately equivalent to Kukulkan and Gukumatz, names that also roughly translate as "feathered serpent" in different Mayan languages. The invaders looked an awful lot like these late depictions. In the Codex's description of the first meeting between Moctezuma and Corts, the Aztec ruler is described as giving a prepared speech in classical oratorial Nahuatl, a speech which, as described in the codex written by the Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagn and his Tlatelolcan informants, included such prostrate declarations of divine or near-divine admiration as: You have graciously come on earth, you have graciously approached your water, your high place of Mexico, you have come down to your mat, your throne, which I have briefly kept for you, I who used to keep it for you. The temple of Quetzalcatl at Tenochtitln, the Aztec capital, was a round building, a shape that fitted the god's personality as Ehcatl. But had Montezuma struck quickly at these intruders as they were marching inland, he likely could have defeated them. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice.Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. According to one version, Quetzalcoatl was born to a virgin called Chimalman to whom god Onteol appeared in a dream. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322. One of the supreme existences in North and Central America WP as well as in Aztec Mythology WP. The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. The next morning, Quetzalcoatl, feeling shame and regret, had his servants build him a stone chest, adorn him in turquoise, and then, laying in the chest, set himself on fire. Xochiquetzal and the Moon While Quetzacoatl is one of the most well-known gods of ancient Mexico, he is often misunderstood. Although early images had shown a serpent, by the classical period of Aztec culture Quetzalcoatl was more often shown with a human body. In the modern world, Aztec religion is often associated with dramatic and bloody human sacrifices. As mentioned before, the god Tlaloc is believed to have helped to create Quetzalcoatl. It was not just a populist idea that gained interest in Aztec society. It was also the patron god of the Aztec priesthood. In the modern era, however, many aspects of this legend have come into question. This is also evident in the duality of serpent figures throughout Mesopotamian history. ThoughtCo. Quetzalcoatl became linked with the maize crop thanks to ancient legends. After the eclipse of the fourth sun, Quetzalcoatl would go on a trip to the underworld. Besides giving life to people, Quetzalcoatl also allowed humans to survive. related to the belief in a sky-, Venus-, creator-, war- and fertility-related serpent deity. Followers of the war god rebelled, however, forcing Topiltzin and his fol-lowers into exile on the Yucatn peninsula. Other than Teotihuacn, large worship places can be found in Xochicalco and Cacaxtla. Quetzalcoatl, or Feathered Serpent, was an important god to the ancient people of Mesoamerica. Others said that he had invented the calendar and books. According to stories, Aztec people only ate animals or roots until Quetzalcoatl arrived. The Tlaxcalteca, along with other city-states across the Plain of Puebla, then supplied the auxiliary and logistical support for the conquests of Guatemala and West Mexico while Mixtec and Zapotec caciques (Colonial indigenous rulers) gained monopolies in the overland transport of Manila galleon trade through Mexico, and formed highly lucrative relationships with the Dominican order in the new Spanish imperial world economic system that explains so much of the enduring legacy of indigenous life-ways that characterize southern Mexico and explain the popularity of the Quetzalcoatl legends that continued through the colonial period to the present day. Colonial documentary sources from the Maya area frequently speak of the arrival of foreigners from the central Mexican plateau, often led by a man whose name translates as "Feathered Serpent". The first rays of light impressed the snake, making him marvel at the world around him. In some areas, however, it was believed that Quetzalcoatl opposed such sacrifices. As indicated, Quetzalcoatl would be depicted in a human form after the year 1200. https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322 (accessed March 2, 2023). With the importance of the snake and bird for Aztec and Mayan culture in mind, it goes without saying that there are many depictions of feathered serpents in ancient excavations. Other parties have also promulgated the idea that the Mesoamericans believed the conquistadors, and in particular Corts, to be awaited gods: most notably the historians of the Franciscan order such as Fray Gernimo de Mendieta. Even today, however, Nahuatl is just one of sixty-three native languages recognized in Mexico. These two serpents formed a duality, with the feathered serpent representing the life and growth that balanced violence. Although this proves that the concept of a divine feathered serpent has been around a long time, most historians agree that the cult of Quetzalcoatl did not come about until the late Classic era, hundreds of years later. This idea of return stemmed from a supposed speech given by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler, to Corts when the Spanish arrived at Tenochtitlan. Because of this, the ways in which he was worshipped varied widely. Quetzalcoatl wears around his neck the breastplate ehcaczcatl, "the spirally voluted wind jewel". The only snake that wasnt so eager was afraid of the light, or so the myth goes. likely used for curing rituals and private worship. He transformed himself into a small black ant, taking a red ant with him for a little company during his journey. Manage Settings Indeed, the same as the one from the Great Pyramid. In fact, it is a deep cultural symbol that is intrinsic to daily life. The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World Paperback November 7, 2015, Learn more about Quetzalcoatl at WikiPedia, Copyright - 2023 - Aztecs and Tenochtitlan, The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World. Based on the birth story of Quetzalcoatl, it seems safe to assume that the fourth sun was destroyed because of the floods caused by Tlaloc. Profile [] Identity []. After all, thats the process that he himself went through: from darkness to light. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. This article is about a Mesoamerican deity. A lot of cultures such as the Maya, Toltecs, Aztecs, and many polities in Central Mexico used to worship the deity Quetzalcoatl during Postclassic period. In art, he is represented by various animal symbols such as quetzals, rattlesnakes, crows, and macaws. In it, Montezuma welcomed the foreigner to take his throne which I have briefly kept for you.. In his aspect as Quetzalcoatl Ehcatl he was the benign god of wind, who brought rains for crops and who brought back the bones of humankind from the underworld, allowing for the resurrection of the species. The name Quetzalcoatl can directly be linked to the Quetzal bird, a rare bird species found in Mesoamerica. Among the Aztecs, it was related to wind, Venus, Sun, merchants, arts, crafts, knowledge, and learning. As the morning star, he was known by the title Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, meaning "lord of the star of the dawn". 2. At the end of the fourth cycle, when mankind had perished again according to the mythology, Quetzalcoatl created a new people with his blood. After months of rain, the snake was forced to come out of the cave. But even things of an extremely mundane nature like s. This confederacy engaged in almost seventy-five years of nearly continuous conflict with the Aztec Empire of the Triple Alliance until the arrival of Corts. His emotional bond with the shy snake grew during this period, so he decided to help him realize his dreams. Quetzalcoatl was considered important in the pantheon of Aztec gods. Hernn Corts, perhaps the most notorious colonizer, is often identified as this very reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl. Or rather, arrived again. There is a beautiful platform temple to Quetzalcoatl at Xochicalco, and Cholula eventually became known as the home of Quetzalcoatl, attracting pilgrims from all over ancient Mexico. In some versions of the ancient Mesoamerican histories, Quetzalcoatl was reborn as Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli after being burned on a funeral pyre. [40] However, a majority of Mesoamericanist scholars, such as Matthew Restall (2003, 2018[37]), James Lockhart (1994), Susan D. Gillespie (1989), Camilla Townsend (2003a, 2003b), Louise Burkhart, Michel Graulich and Michael E. Smith (2003), among others, consider the "Quetzalcoatl/Corts myth" as one of many myths about the Spanish conquest which have risen in the early post-conquest period. Aztec God Quetzalcoatl According to Aztec mythology, Earth had been through four cycles of Sun, each of which resulted in the destruction of mankind. Despite their joint leadership, their rivalry didn't ended as Tezcatlipoca, feared by his worshipers . The spelling of the name is rooted in Nahuatl, a language that has been spoken since at least the seventh century CE.The first part comes from the Nahuatl word quetzalli, meaning precious green feather. The second part of his name, coatl, means serpent. "[17], Quetzalcoatl also became linked with rulership and priestly office; additionally, among the Toltec, the name was used as a military title and its representation as an emblem. The connection between Quetzalcoatl and the fall of the Aztec Empire may also have its roots in political events that predated the arrival of Corts and his army. The two priests came to their position after living an exemplary life, with pure and compassionate hearts. The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. He was so important that the worlds largest pyramid was just one of many places dedicated to his cult. Are you still looking for a being that caused a solar eclipse? The Spanish helped non-Aztec groups reclaim territory that included a massive pyramid dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. [8] In his form as the morning star, Venus, he is also depicted as a harpy eagle. [37] This speech, which has been widely referred to, has been a factor in the widespread belief that Moctezuma was addressing Corts as the returning god Quetzalcoatl. The Aztecs believed that they lived in the fifth age of creation and that Quetzalcoatl had gone to the Underworld to retrieve the bones of previous generations to create the modern race of man. His appearance can change drastically, however, depending on the region, era, and context. Even in his more violent aspects, Quetzalcoatl was connected to the fertility of the earth. The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. More often shown with a human body he also has red and green feathers around his head and.! The Moon while Quetzacoatl is one of the earth and its features from her body the bird. 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