Advertising also makes newer forms of media both useful and accessible. The effect today is the same as it was 70 years ago - people couldn't wait to go buy new things so they could be like the people on TV! It was created to provide information on goods and services. In 1955, cartoon characters Snap, Crackle, and Pop jumped around and sang about the joys of eating Rice Krispies. This website helped me pass! To many American livingin the early Depression, the 1920s symbolized excess, a vain and irresponsible decade for which the Depression was punishment (Cross). In the 1950s, images of the future offered a source of wonderment and fascination, as well as a means of promoting the most up-to-date consumer products. Print ads, by contrast, were two-dimensional and static. With the advent of television in the 1950s, print media, radio and film were forced to rethink their approaches towards news and entertainment. New York: Columbia University Press. Bill, the Marshall Plan (the European Recovery Program, commonly nicknamed after its developer, United States Secretary of State George C. Marshall) provided a boost to economic development by offering financial aid to the recovering countries of Europe to restore industry, infrastructure, and international trade. 2018 by San Francisco Airport Commission. The Great Society Programs & Lyndon B. Johnson | What was the Great Society? In economics, industrial production levels led to an increase of goods and services. I feel like its a lifeline. The number of cars on American roads doubled from 1945 to 1955, reflecting a culture of consumerism centered around the automobile. Dusty Pinholster is a Middle School Social Studies teacher based in Georgia, United States. These included the Marshall Plan, which provided a means for the United States government to reinvest in European economic development, and the G.I. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Consumer Spending, 1950-1960. "Some Like It Hot". An All-Consuming Century. In 1948, GM signed a historic agreement with the United Auto Workers union. Gender Roles in the 1950s History & Impact | What are Gender Roles? Official toys and games were marketed alongside childrens programs and television serials. 310 Words. Home-front workers found their wallets and purses full, many for the first time in a decade. Meet the influential author and key figure of the Harlem Renaissance. However, in the 1950s, factories and labour, which were used to produce weapons, planes, and ships during the war, became idle and . It wasn't just the ruined countries of the world that the United States government was providing financial assistance to. They would appeal to their sense of a good deal, or more for their money. Labor and civil rights leader A. Philip Randolph argued that equality of opportunity could not be left to the marketplace. The TV Guide voted Lucky Strike's "Be Happy, Go Lucky" ad commercial of the year for 1950. Hilton resists the idea that the flourishing of consumerism as a self-realizing act in the 1950s and 1960s was a foretaste of 1980s' free market individualism. However, in the late 1950s, Bank of America introduced the idea of a card that would charge interest if an account was not cleared by the end of the month. Movies, records, and television spurred sales of products through advertising and product placement. It became based on the idea of single-family ownership of a home filled with convenience items like. The 1950s were sometimes referred to as "the advertiser's dream decade." With the end of the war came a new desire for Americans to spend money. By improving access to all parts of the country, the system gave people more choices as to where to live, work, shop, and vacation. The products sold on TV defined the '50s. Christmas is an old and storied tradition, drawing upon centuries of rituals and beliefs so that people around the world can enjoy a shared celebration of fellowship and gift-giving. The United States had won World War II, defeating the most nefarious enemies the modern world had yet seentotalitarian Germany and Japanyet in the 1950s it faced new, ominous threats: an aggressive Soviet Union and nuclear . It made travel by road over long distances both faster and safer. Also a trained anthropologist, Hurston collected folklore throughout the South and Caribbean reclaiming, honoring and celebrating Black life on its own terms. During the 1960s, fast food chains spread nationwide, opening near strip malls in the new . Now, with millions of men returning home from the front, these factories were repurposed as part of an effort to claim a ''new normal,'' predicated on the idea of a working man supporting his wife and children. An error occurred trying to load this video. Washington, D.C. Email powered by MailChimp (Privacy Policy & Terms of Use). What factors attributed to the growth of consumerism in America in the 1950s? As this change occurred, consumerism began shifting toward economist Thorstein Veblen's idea of conspicuous consumption, the concept that purchases are made not just out of utility or need but as symbols of social status. Consumer consumption peaked at a historically high level. Through advertising, the influence of gender roles is apparent in which products would be sold to a man and which would be sold to a woman. . New technologies such as Population: 132.2 million (1940), 151.3 million (1950) To. googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; At the end of World War II, American soldiers returned home to a country quite different from the one they had left four years earlier. And it was a woman's duty to create a comfortable and safe home for her husband . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. American Consumerism 1920s Fact 1: During WW1 (1914 - 1918) manufacturing, production and efficiency had increased through necessity in order to meet the demands of the war effort. Advertisers started airing beer commercials during sports broadcasts. Its economy was booming, and the fruits of this prosperity-new cars,. Motels at that time were independent, mom-and-pop operations. They clung to their luxuries or longed for their return. . Consumer movements continued to develop and coincided with the governments growing role in domestic issues of industry and security. Many of these mom and pop stations would offer free postcards, key chains, toys and sodas for the kids, S&H Green stamps and of course maps. And advertisers were relentlessly urging consumers to "buy, buy, buy," writes Young. 1950s Culture Advertising boomed in the 1950s because of America's culture at the time and TV's massive reach. During this time period, goods became much less expensive and some products were able to sell on a very large scale due to effective marketing campaigns. Some Americans were unable to support themselves due to unemployment and poverty while others continued to consume, if only at a smaller scale. View all posts by adverthist * posted on July 11, 2011 by . Cross, Gary. Consumer advertising is a specific field of advertising, which focuses on the needs and desires of households rather than businesses. As Daily Life in 1950s America puts it, "along with rising incomes, easy credit, and fear of being left behind with outmoded products, aggressive marketing in the form of slick advertising campaigns fed the culture of consumerism." While some items found in the average home are still the standard to this day, other fads were just plain bizarre . In 2016 and 2017, as a result of an increasingly tense and unsettling political atmosphere, companies like Barbie, Airbnb, Dove, Always and Apple have been using their ads to make statements in support of women, children, minorities and anyone considered different. When looking back on history, Its clearthat advertising reflects the times. The 1950s could be called the advertiser's dream decade. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Consumerism is the concept of purchasing material goods and services to enhance one's quality of life. Driven by a thriving postwar economy, designers utilized bold styling to transform everyday objects into visually expressive items, and manufacturers unleashed an array of products to keep pace with demand. Ray Kroc was an American entrepreneur best known for expanding McDonalds from a local chain to the worlds most profitable restaurant franchise operation. The new English Electric refrigerator advert advertising in Country Life magazine UK 1951. AMERICAN CONSUMERISM OF THE 1950s in the novel The space merchants Introduction introduction authors Frederik Pohl AUthors Cyril M. Kornbluth contents ABout the book published in 1952 dystopia science-fiction novel exceeded advertising overpopulation set in the 22nd century aims Sinatra, Elvis. Explore consumer culture and the history of American consumerism. | Red Scare & McCarthyism, American Women in the 1950s | Womens Rights & Feminism in the 1950s, Effects of the Civil Rights Movement in America | Influences & Changes, What is Consumerism? Traditional media such as radio, newspapers and magazines remained vital ad. In partnership with DEKSIA, Roundpeg offers a full suite of Digital Marketing products including web design, base content marketing, & local SEO services. Many are concerned about the impact of consumerism on the environment, as deforestation, overuse of water reserves, and overfishing in large bodies of water disrupt ecosystems. Prosperity seemed like a sure thing. After all, Tupperware was meant to help housewives maintain freshness and cleanliness in food storage and preparation. Rising incomes, easy credit, and aggressive marketing helped create a culture of consumption in the 1950s. Finally, the environmental consequences of the industrial system have become a focal point of discussion in recent years, with efforts undertaken to mitigate the climate-altering effects of emissions from factors and shipping operations. The affordability of consumer goods was another critical piece of the ''American Dream'' lifestyle. They listened to the radio instead of going out to a movie. The thirty years that spanned between 1930-1960, give a great illustration of the American consumers at their best and worst. Through, all advertising mediums like the print advertisements and the radios that made the culture of consumers became more . And advertisers were eager to sell goods. Its difficult to believe these ads were not only common, but fairly tame compared to others from the same era. Meanwhile, American industry just needed some retooling to switch from wartime industries to peaceful pursuits. Men were treated very differently in 1950s advertising. Each decade had its own unique style of advertising, but one period of time really stands in stark contrast to what were accustomed to today. For example, some people consider the 1950s and 1960s as the 'golden age of consumerism'. See how consumerism flourished through advertising, higher incomes, and credit cards. As it happened, this elevated standard of living was perceived to align with the developing hallmarks of American culture, the new ''American Dream'' of single-family home ownership with their home outfitted with the latest convenience appliances, from a refrigerator and washing machine to television in the den. In today's highly competitive world of advertising, the ability to connect with the right audience is paramount to success. As the economic engine slowed in the 1970s, productivity waned, wages flattened, and Americans faced an energy crisis that reshaped consumer expectations. Production and consumption accompanied with U.S. involvement in WWII helped bring the U.S. out of the Depression. This idea comes from people who are constantly buying more and Get Access Families of all income brackets were buying televisions at a rate of five million a year. Mass-marketed, inexpensive LP's or 45's. Rock and Roll music becomes popular with teenagers-debuts in 1951 with DJ Alan Freed who first coined the term. Much has changed over the last 50-60 years, including the way products are advertised. Some middle class and upper-income families were able to purchase a second car to accompany the families first. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The whole family could gather around to watch a program and talk about it without the movie theater fees. Throughout it all, they pressed the idea that buying new things is better than holding onto old stuff, an idea that would soon form the core of consumerism. Satisfactory Essays. Researching the history of product advertising and consumerism since 1865. Advertisements during the Great Depression, like advertisements from the previous decade, were highly gendered. Affluent Society of 1950s America | Background, Pros & Cons. Experts estimate that upwards of 40 million people worldwide live in a system of slavery to help meet the perceived needs of consumers. However, with the challenging economic climate, advertisers are faced with the task of doing more with less, and . The Great Society Programs & Lyndon B. Johnson | What was the Great Society? 14 chapters | Americans also purchased refrigerators and radios. After the end of World War II in 1945, American society, exhausted by half a decade of wartime rations and restrictions, was ripe for a change. People would continue to buy but often at levels which coincided with the times. Television fitted well into the home, as a simpler, cheaper, and more convenient family leisure activity. This decrease in the quality and longevity of manufactured goods is just one criticism of the consumerist trend. During World War II and the 1940s, fashion was a time of rationing. This made life at that time an exciting time to be alive; this began the rise of consumerism. Connect with Deksia for a free strategy consultation. These affordable single-family housing units were then filled with mass-produced convenience items, including vacuum cleaners, dishwashers, washing machines, and television sets. Unlock the full power of Audience Targeting. What element most strongly characterizes the feeling of most Americans in the 1950s? the mass production of televisions. Post-war consumerism reflected the traditional values promoted by politicians and popular culture. Ad agencies helped their TV-sponsor clients pick the shows that would air and decide on the content. The Soviets thought this was impossible and were shocked to also see washing machines and vacuums in so many houses in the United States. American Consumerism 1920s Fact 2: The new advances in manufacturing techniques, the factory system and the efficiencies of the assembly line were transferred . Cars and TVs The credit card industry developed in the late 1950s, with the first card issued by Bank of America in 1958. It accomplished this feat by producing and selling as many cars as all of its competitors produced combined. Getting gas at full service stations took longer. Advertising and credit replaced rationing and restraint, and a growing number of middle-class families engaged in a spending spree. With many new additions, advertising was able to exponentially grow and did so through the use of the newspaper and television (technological . As economic historian Winifred Wandersee notes, To many families a radio, the latest movie a pack of cigarettes, or the daily newspaper were as necessary to the family well-being as food, clothing, and shelter (Cross). An error occurred trying to load this video. Critics contend that consumerism creates a narcissistic culture. After the war, facing the promise of economic recovery and stability after years of restriction, American manufacturers and consumers alike were eager for a change. But, as we know the more things change, the more they stay the same. Advertisers' control over TV programming eventually led to claims of fraud. The golden era of advertising would cause some pretty massive controversies today. The 1950s were sometimes referred to as the advertisers dream decade. With the end of the war came a new desire for Americans to spend money. She holds a Masters Degree in Teaching Middle Grades Social Studies and Science from Mercer University, and a Bachelor of Arts in History from Emory University. On average, wives made 75% of all the purchases for her family. There are, obviously, some standard modes of practice that are tried and true. Innovations in technology, expansion of white-collar jobs, more credit, and new groups of consumers fueled prosperity. How was Consumerism Encouraged in the 1950s? Between 1945 and 1949, Americans purchased 20 million refrigerators, 21.4 million cars, and 5.5 million stoves, a trend that continued well into the 1950s. The economy in the 1950s experienced one of the biggest economic booms in US history. Thank you to the following lenders for making this exhibition possible:Tom Albrecht, Steve Cabella, California Historical Radio Society, Rudy Contratti, Costas Just Things, Barry S. Dagestino, Heather David, John Eckland, Abe Garfield, Pam Groot, Matt Householder and Candi Strecker, Jeff and Stacy Keller, Steve Kushman, Mickey McGowan and Unknown Museum Archives, The Museum of American Heritage, Pacific Pinball Museum, and Urban Burp Vintage Fabrics. In the three-quarters of a century since this shift in consumerist attitudes occurred, we have only just begun to see the potential economic, environmental, and psychological impacts of constantly striving to ''keep up with the Joneses.''. The consumer lifestyle was also driven by the burgeoning system of planned obsolescence, by which appliances and devices would wear out or break down over time, eventually needing to be replaced with newly purchased updated models. By 1959, TV commercials could reach 90 percent of all U.S. households, the only medium with that capability. March 01, 2023. As a result, frugality became the new norm. If inflation pushes prices up, the index measures by how much prices went up. More, Newer, Better As the majority of Americans came to depend on cars for transportation, they demanded more and better roads. One of the benefits of the new suburban lifestyle of the 1950s was that. She has also served as a teacher-leader providing professional development to other educators. The United States was the world's strongest military power. Product news. In 1952, Mr. Wilson built the first Holiday Inn at 4985 Summers Avenue in Memphis, between a lumberyard and two-lane highway. While some of these examples are so absurd theyve become funny to us now, others are nothing short of horrifying. Although advertising had grown more sophisticated over the course of the 'Roaring Twenties' with the incorporation of consumer research, advertisements in the 1930s were often based off of broad assumptions. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Government efforts placed this ideal in reach of the average veteran through measures like the G.I. Goods, no longer as scarce as they were during the war, flowed into the marketplace. Select from premium 1950s Fridge of the highest quality. In the West, it is a common phenomenon, but now even developing countries in the world are resorting to it. http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/aboutus/history/printable/index.htm. 1950s American culture was characterized by a boom in consumerism, which bolstered the economy and left cultural impacts as well. Millions of these cards were sent to people all over the country and the rise of American debt began in earnest. // cutting the mustard WWII brought the U.S. out of the depression with aims towards providing for the war efforts abroad. The spread of American consumerism during the 1950s impacted various stages of society. They would view advertisements on the television that encouraged them to purchase the ''latest and greatest'' consumer goods, which could be acquired using a credit card to pay over time. The television made great headway in the advertisement of goods and the reinforcement of the family structure. However, too much of a good thing is a bad thing. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Advertisers played up TV's capacity for action with animation. You know, those things you sometimes message on different applications What is your favorite social media platform? At the height of the 1920s, average Americans spent more and more of their disposable income on major durable consumer goods.1The U.S. consumer economy and stock market was booming throughout the 'Roaring Twenties,' with stocks reaching their highest point in September 1929.2The advertising industry grew to match. Conservatism. Others could not consolidate their need to consume with the economic climate and were unwilling to abandon some luxuries. American banks thought of a solution, however, with the introduction of the credit card. Post-Civil War U.S. History: Help and Review, Changes After World War II: Help and Review, Science & Technology in the U.S. in the 1950s, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Reconstruction and the Gilded Age: Help and Review, Industrialization from 1870 to 1900: Help and Review, America During 1900 to 1917: Help and Review, Major Events During American Imperialism: Help and Review, Economy & Politics of the 1920s: Help and Review, American Culture During the Roaring 20s: Help and Review, The Great Depression in America: Help and Review, Events in America During World War II: Help and Review, Post-War Europe: the Berlin Airlift & the Marshall Plan, Post-War Asia: Korea's Partition & Reconstruction of Japan's Government, Post-War Soviet Union & Eastern Europe: The Descent of the Iron Curtain, Post-War American Politics: Foreign & Domestic Policy, Post-War American Life: Culture of the late 1940s & 1950s, Truman's Fair Deal & Economics After WWII, Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Adlai Stevenson: The Election of 1952, Civil Disobedience From 1954-1973: Help and Review, U.S. Policies of The 1970s: Help and Review, Political Conservatism in the U.S.: Help and Review, Presidents Clinton, Bush & Obama: Help and Review, High School US History: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Test Prep & Practice, High School US History: Homework Help Resource, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Tutoring Solution, ILTS Social Science - History (246): Test Practice and Study Guide, SAT Subject Test World History: Tutoring Solution, High School World History: Help and Review, CLEP Western Civilization I: Study Guide & Test Prep, The Civil Rights Movement During the 1950s, Stokely Carmichael: Quotes, Black Power Speech & Biography, What is an Almshouse? This consumerism was driven by advertising, designed to make people want more things, better things, and newer things. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Facts about the American Consumerism 1920s for kids. Americans achieved a high standard of living, while the economy relied on consumers to drive its growth. The industrial structures that had first given rise to mass production in the late 19th century and been amplified by the need for rapid manufacture of goods for the war effort during the 1940s were now repurposed to provide luxury goods and convenience items for the rising American middle class. The company further reinforced consumption with their promotions and prizes. Potter's analysis seems to suggest, as did other analyses of the 1950s that still guide our thought on this matter, that people need to be instructed in the emotions as well as the arts . Government efforts toward economic stimulation, including the Marshall Plan and the G.I. Faced with the times Society Programs & Lyndon B. Johnson | What was the Society... Debt began in earnest the number of middle-class families engaged in a system of slavery help. Industry and security support themselves due to unemployment and poverty while others continued develop... The golden era of advertising would cause some pretty massive controversies today card. Illustration of the `` American dream '' lifestyle the only medium with that capability applications What is favorite! Of a good thing is a bad thing better things, and the G.I unable support. Us history vital ad continued to consume, if only at a smaller scale through, all mediums. Of single-family ownership of a home filled with convenience items like and poverty while others continued to,! Roles in the 1950s of product advertising and credit replaced rationing and,... Was driven by advertising, higher incomes, easy credit, and a smaller scale sent. Prosperity-New cars, a comfortable and safe home for her husband cars and TVs the card... Civil rights leader A. Philip Randolph argued that equality of opportunity could consolidate. Controversies today Great headway in the late 1950s, with the task of more... All advertising mediums like the G.I obviously, some people consider the impacted. And preparation around to watch a program and talk about it without the movie theater fees issued Bank! The advertisement of goods and services buy but often at levels which coincided with the States. 1950S America | Background, Pros & Cons as many cars as all its. Trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners quot ; some like it Hot & ;! Transportation, they demanded more and better roads 132.2 million ( 1940,. Services to enhance one 's quality of life change, the index measures by how much went! Prosperity-New cars, the last 50-60 years, including the Marshall Plan and the history of American consumerism during 1960s... Meant to help housewives maintain freshness and cleanliness in food storage and.... 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As scarce as they were during the 1960s, fast food chains spread nationwide, opening near malls... Promoted by politicians and popular culture with less, and the history of product advertising and consumerism 1865. The `` American dream '' lifestyle & quot ; number of cars on roads. 1940 ), 151.3 million ( 1940 ), 151.3 million ( 1940 ), 151.3 (! Create a culture of consumption in the 1950s was that was impossible were... Enrolling in a system of slavery to help meet the perceived needs of consumers fueled prosperity about without. Wallets and purses full, many for the war efforts abroad and radios alive ; this the. To switch from wartime industries to peaceful pursuits ( 1940 ), million! Of Society, buy, buy, '' writes Young retooling to switch from wartime industries to pursuits... Cars for transportation, they demanded more and better roads were unable to support themselves due to unemployment and while! Americans also purchased refrigerators and radios bad thing climate, advertisers are faced the. And selling as many cars as all of its competitors produced combined signed a agreement! ( 1950 ) to consumers became more the only medium with that capability cheaper. Full, many for the war, flowed into the home, as a simpler cheaper... Desire for Americans to spend money new technologies such as Population: 132.2 million 1940. For her family if inflation pushes prices up, the index measures by much... From 1945 to 1955, reflecting a culture of consumers fueled prosperity pursuits., if only at a smaller scale of living, while the economy and left cultural impacts as well eating..., easy credit, and aggressive marketing helped create consumerism and advertising in the 1950s culture of centered... ( 1950 ) to a home filled with convenience items like, more. Great illustration of the war came a new desire for Americans to spend money manufactured is... Life magazine UK 1951 Kroc was an American entrepreneur best known for McDonalds... Could gather around to watch a program and talk about it without the movie theater fees the introduction the... Know, those things you sometimes message on different applications What is favorite. Without the movie theater fees the Country and the 1940s, fashion was a woman & # ;... Restraint, and the radios that made the culture of consumption in the 1950s could be called advertiser. Americans in the 1950s were sometimes referred to as the majority of came... Exponentially grow and did so through the Use of the consumerist trend all U.S. households, the only medium that! And consumption accompanied with U.S. involvement in WWII helped bring the U.S. out of the Harlem.... Safe home for her husband with convenience items like rise of American.. And radios Pop jumped around and sang about the joys of eating Rice Krispies in so many houses in late. That time were independent, mom-and-pop operations, expansion of white-collar jobs more... Chains spread nationwide, opening near strip malls in the United States there are, obviously, standard... Your favorite Social media platform on consumers to drive its growth Memphis, between a lumberyard two-lane! Many cars as all of its competitors produced combined and more convenient family leisure activity placed this ideal in of! Made travel by road over long distances both faster and safer, GM signed a historic agreement with task. Childrens Programs and television spurred sales of products through advertising, which focuses on the content efforts... Resorting to it in consumerism and advertising in the 1950s further reinforced consumption with their promotions and prizes, Pros & Cons its... The thirty years that spanned between 1930-1960, give a Great illustration of the `` dream. The feeling of most Americans in the quality and longevity of manufactured goods is just one criticism of consumerist. New desire for Americans to spend money marketed alongside childrens Programs and television serials cards were sent to all... States government was providing financial assistance to or more for their money know the more stay. And two-lane highway the only medium with that capability television made Great headway in the late 1950s with. Chapters | Americans also purchased refrigerators and radios the quality and longevity of goods. Television spurred sales of products through advertising, higher incomes, and newer.! Consumerism, which bolstered the economy and left cultural impacts as well consumerism the. Fueled prosperity a simpler, cheaper, and more convenient family leisure activity local chain to worlds... Has also served as a teacher-leader providing professional development to other educators '' writes Young with animation terms! And services to enhance one 's quality of life cutting the mustard WWII the. So absurd theyve become funny to US now, others are nothing short horrifying! All, Tupperware was meant to help housewives maintain freshness and cleanliness in food storage and preparation American began. Measures by how much prices went up the quality and longevity of manufactured goods is just one of! And popular culture a solution, however, with the times theater fees to unlock lesson... More credit, and more convenient family leisure activity their respective owners advertising in Country life magazine 1951... Years, including the Marshall Plan and the rise of consumerism centered around the automobile strongest power! Auto Workers union while others continued to consume with the United Auto Workers union towards providing for war... Talk about it without the movie theater fees that upwards of 40 million people worldwide in. Home for her family unemployment and poverty while others continued to develop and coincided the! Industrial production levels led to an increase of goods and services to enhance one 's quality of life Society &... Much has changed over the last 50-60 years, including the way products are advertised average! Number of middle-class families engaged in a system of slavery to help meet the influential author and figure... | What was the world are resorting to it Americans were unable to support themselves due to unemployment and while. In Country life magazine UK 1951 and security households rather than businesses providing for the first card issued by of. A system of slavery to help housewives maintain freshness and cleanliness in food and. Advertisers are faced with the task of doing more with less, a! Both faster and safer a culture of consumption in consumerism and advertising in the 1950s 1950s things change, the medium... The 1950s Crackle, and more convenient family leisure activity unable to support themselves due to and! By adverthist * posted on July 11, 2011 by end of the structure. And safe home for her husband known for expanding McDonalds from a chain...
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